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In late 1860 and early 1861, state-appointed commissioners traveled the length and
breadth of the slave South carrying a fervent message in pursuit of a clear goal: to persuade
the political leadership and the citizenry of the uncommitted slave states to join in the effort
to destroy the Union and forge a new Southern nation.
Directly refuting the
neo-Confederate contention that slavery was neither the reason for secession nor the catalyst
for the resulting onset of hostilities in 1861, Charles B. Dew finds in the commissioners'
brutally candid rhetoric a stark white supremacist ideology that proves the contrary. The
commissioners included in their speeches a constitutional justification for secession, to be
sure, and they pointed to a number of political "outrages" committed by the North in the decades
prior to Lincoln's election. But the core of their argument—the reason the right of secession
had to be invoked and invoked immediately—did not turn on matters of constitutional
interpretation or political principle. Over and over again, the commissioners returned to the
same point: that Lincoln's election signaled an unequivocal commitment on the part of the North
to destroy slavery and that emancipation would plunge the South into a racial
nightmare.
Dew's discovery and study of the highly illuminating public letters
and speeches of these apostles of disunion—often relatively obscure men sent out to convert the
unconverted to the secessionist cause--have led him to suggest that the arguments the
commissioners presented provide us with the best evidence we have of the motives behind the
secession of the lower South in 1860–61.
Addressing topics still hotly debated
among historians and the public at large more than a century after the Civil War, Dew challenges
many current perceptions of the causes of the conflict. He offers a compelling and clearly
substantiated argument that slavery and race were absolutely critical factors in the outbreak of
war—indeed, that they were at the heart of our great national crisis.
- Sales Rank: #144596 in eBooks
- Published on: 2002-03-18
- Released on: 2002-03-18
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
This incisive history should dispel the pernicious notion that the Confederacy fought the Civil War to advance the constitutional principle of states' rights and only coincidentally to preserve slavery.
(The New York Times Book Review)Dew has produced an eye-opening study....So much for states' rights as the engine of secession.
(James McPherson The New York Review of Books)Charles B. Dew offers a penetrating and incisive evaluation of secessionist ideology, with a clear eye to the priority of race over issues of constitutional rights. The principal source on which the book is built certainly appears neglected to me, and the source is worthy of exploitation: we have an opportunity here to see what Southerners said to each other and not what they said primarily to the North or to the world.
(Mark E. Neely, Jr., author of The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties and Southern Rights: Political Prisoners and the Myth of Confederate Constitutionalism) About the Author
Charles B. Dew, W. Van Alan Clark Third Century Professor in the Social Sciences at Williams College, is the author of Bond of Iron: Master and Slave at Buffalo Forge and Ironmaker to the Confederacy: Joseph R. Anderson and the Tredegar Iron Works.
Most helpful customer reviews
59 of 62 people found the following review helpful.
Highly Recommended for Any Serious Scholar of the Civil War
By Ball State Grad-RMN
The debate over the causes of secession is contentious even today. While one side of this debate argues the Confederate states seceded solely over the issue of states' rights, the other contends that the institution of slavery was the primary cause of the conflict. In Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War, Charles B. Dew attempts to end this debate by examining pre-Civil War political documents, letters, and speeches made by secession commissioners and Southern politicians. According to Dew, these sources clearly demonstrate that the institution of slavery was at the heart of the conflict.
Dew organizes this book chronologically and provides an extensive appendix, endnotes, and a short index. Dew begins this book by discussing several current events that demonstrate that Americans have not come to a consensus on the causes of the Civil War. For instance, on the Immigration and Naturalization Service's citizenship exam, the question, "`The Civil War was fought over what important issue?,'" can be answered by choosing either "slavery" or "states rights" (4). The debate surrounding the Confederate battle flag also reveals what Dew describes as "the deep division and profound ambivalence in contemporary American culture over the origin of the Civil War" (4). While some see this flag as a symbol of racism and oppression, others view it as a symbol of "Southern heritage" (8). Despite this contemporary debate, in the closing pages of chapter one, Dew argues that the words of the secession commissioner leave no question about the central role that slavery played in the Civil War.
After this brief introduction, Dew examines the course of events that led Southern states to appoint secession commissioners and the role these men played in garnering support for the Confederacy. According to Dew, the first secession commissioners were appointed just a few weeks after the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, won the presidential election on November 6, 1860. In fact, Mississippi appointed secession "commissioners to every slave state" in the Union twenty-four days later, and eventually most of the states in the Deep South would follow suit (23). While the messages these men brought to other Southern states varied, the central argument was the same: secession was the only logical course of action given the Republican Party's hostility towards the institution of slavery. For example, William L. Harris, a secession commissioner from Mississippi, told a joint meeting of the Georgia General Assembly, that the North wanted constitutionally guaranteed "equality between the white and negro races" (29). Harris went on to declare, that Lincoln's election "promised `freedom to the slave, but eternal degradation for you and for us" (29). Dew claims that Harris's speech set the tone for every subsequent speech of the secession commissioners.
In the next three chapters, Dew discusses the speeches made by the secession commissioners to South Carolina, Alabama, and Virginia. While the rhetoric of secession commissioners may have softened the farther North they went, the message was still the same: the North wants to institute racial equality and abolish slavery. Secession commissioner Andrew Pickens Calhoun's speech to the Alabama Convention is a prime example of this type of argument. The foundation of Calhoun's speech was that, "The election of a `Black Republican' to the presidency threatened South Carolina with `degradation and annihilation'" (41). Degradation would come in the form of federally imposed racial equality and annihilation would result from slave insurrection and the resulting racial amalgamation. Fulton Anderson, an appointee from Mississippi, was even more direct in his speech to the Virginia Secession Convention. Anderson argued that a Republican controlled federal government would be hostile to the South and described the Republican Party as having an "unrelenting and eternal hostility to the institution of slavery" (p. 62). Based upon the remarks of the secession commissioners, Dew argues that the preservation of slavery was a primary cause of secession and thus, the Civil War.
Dew concludes this book by examining how Southern politicians, including many secession commissioners, attempted to reframe the conflict in a more noble light after the end of the war. For example, Jabez L. M. Curry, a secession commissioner from Alabama, wrote in 1901 that the Civil War was fought to "save the principles of the Constitution," but he made no mention of the role that slavery played (57, 76). Even Jefferson Davis, former President of the Confederacy, tried to reframe the conflict writing in 1881, "`The sectional hostility' that developed before 1861 `was not the consequence of any difference on the abstract question of slavery'" (17). Instead, Davis claims, "The South...fought for the noblest principles...for `constitutional government,' for `the supremacy of law' and for `the natural rights of man'" (17).
According to Dew, the fact that the debate over the origins of the Civil War continues today, demonstrates the success of this concerted effort to reframe the conflict.
While initially overlooked, historians today view the arguments made by secession commissioners as an important factor in understanding the origins of the Civil War, and Charles B. Dew's Apostles of Disunion is largely responsible for this historiographic shift. Orville Vernon Burton's The Age of Lincoln demonstrates the persuasiveness of Dew's argument. In addition to making clear that the institution of slavery was the primary cause of the Civil War, Burton includes a short discussion of the secession commissioners. Burton even cites Henry L. Benning, a secession commissioner from Georgia, as declaring, "It was a conviction, a deep conviction on the part of Georgia, that a separation from the North was the only thing that could prevent the abolition of her slavery" (Burton 120). Due to the soundness of Dew's argument, and the endorsement of historians like Burton, this reviewer earnestly recommends Apostles of Disunion to anyone interested in understanding the Age of Lincoln or the American Civil War.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
I bought this book for one of my college classes ...
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I bought this book for one of my college classes, there is quite a bit of writing in it but everything is readable. I received the book in about a week, which exceeded my expectations. I'll definitely buy from this seller again.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
... voice and interesting take on motivations make this an easy to read and highly informative book about how the ...
By Amazon Customer
An engaging voice and interesting take on motivations make this an easy to read and highly informative book about how the upper south followed the deep south in secession.
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